{"id":1326,"date":"2022-12-23T14:56:17","date_gmt":"2022-12-23T14:56:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/br.ghrcca.org\/?page_id=1326"},"modified":"2022-12-25T15:47:14","modified_gmt":"2022-12-25T15:47:14","slug":"%d1%81%d1%82%d0%b0%d1%82%d1%8c%d0%b8","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/breeze.ghrcca.org\/?page_id=1326","title":{"rendered":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0421\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Modeling social, environmental and biological determinants of tuberculosis<\/strong><\/span><\/a>
\nM. Murray,\u00a0 O. Oxlade,\u00a0 H-H. Lin<\/span><\/p>\n

Mathematical models have facilitated our understanding of infectious diseases dynamics and proved useful tools to compare control scenarios when interventional studies are not feasible or ethical. Here, we summarize evidence linking social, economic and biologic determinants to tuberculosis (TB) and review modeling approaches that have been used to understand their contribution to the epidemic dynamics of TB. Specifi cally, we<\/span>
\nfi nd evidence for associations between smoking, indoor air pollution, diabetes mellitus, alcohol, nutritional status, crowding, migration, aging and economic trends, and the occurrence of TB infection and\/or disease.<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

\u00a0\u041e\u0411\u0420\u0410\u0417\u0426\u041e\u0412\u0410\u042f \u041f\u0420\u0410\u041a\u0422\u0418\u041a\u0410 \u0423\u0425\u041e\u0414\u0410 \u0417\u0410 \u0411\u041e\u041b\u042c\u041d\u042b\u041c\u0418 \u0422\u0423\u0411\u0415\u0420\u041a\u0423\u041b\u0415\u0417\u041e\u041c<\/strong><\/span><\/a>
\n\u0420\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0441 \u043d\u0438\u0437\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043c \u0434\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0414\u0436\u0438\u043d\u0438 \u0423\u0438\u043b\u044c\u044f\u043c\u0441 (Gini Williams), \u042d\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0410\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043e\u043d (Edith Alarcon), \u0421\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0444\u0430 \u0414\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438 (Sirinapha Jittimanee)\u2026<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0414\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445, \u043a\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u044b\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0438 \u0443\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0437\u0430 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0422\u0411 \u0432 \u0443\u0447\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0442\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0439 (\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439) \u0432\u0440\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u0441 \u043d\u0438\u0437\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043c \u0434\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0415\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430 \u2013 \u0443\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u0438 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c \u0443\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c \u0422\u0411 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044f. \u0412 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0430\u0438\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0443\u0447\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0437\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430 \u0422\u0411 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u043f\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0432, \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0443\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u0437\u0430 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

\u041e\u043f\u044b\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u00a0 <\/strong>MTBDR<\/strong> plus\u00a0 <\/strong><\/span><\/a>\u0432 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u043c\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0435\u0437\u0430<\/a>
\n<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0422.\u0428. \u0410\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0432 , \u0410.\u0425.\u0410\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u041c.\u041c \u0410\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432, \u00a0\u0412.\u041b.\u0411\u0438\u0441\u043c\u0438\u043b\u0434\u0430, \u0428.\u041a.\u0418\u0433\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u041b.\u0422.\u0427\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430<\/span><\/p>\n

\u041d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c \u0442\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0435\u0437\u0430 \u041c\u0417 \u0420\u041a, \u0433.\u0410\u043b\u043c\u0430\u0442\u044b, \u041a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0445\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0422\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0435\u0437 \u043f\u043e-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c \u0437\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435. \u041f\u043e \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0412\u041e\u0417, \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043c, \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e 2 \u043c\u043b\u043d. \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0432.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0412 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u041a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0445\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0437\u0430\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0442\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0435\u0437\u0443 \u0432 2010\u00a0\u0433 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b 95,3 \u043d\u0430 100 \u0442\u044b\u0441\u044f\u0447 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 10,6 \u043d\u0430 100 \u0442\u044b\u0441\u044f\u0447 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0421\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u0448\u0442\u0430\u043c\u043c\u043e\u0432, \u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u0447\u0438\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043a \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043c, \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u0437 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043f\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435. \u0421\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u044b \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u044d\u043f\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0442\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043a \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0443\u0430\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f. \u041e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0432 \u0437\u0430\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u0447\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e [1].<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

\u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b\u00a0 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u00a0 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u0430 MTBDRPlus\u00a0 \u0438 \u0433\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0414\u041d\u041a <\/strong><\/span>M. tuberculosis \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u041a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0445\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

\u0410<\/em>.<\/em>\u0425<\/em>\u00a0 <\/em>\u0410\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430<\/em>1<\/sup><\/em>,<\/em>\u00a0 <\/em>\u0412<\/em>.<\/em>\u041b<\/em> \u0411\u0438\u0441\u043c\u0438\u043b\u0434\u0430<\/em>1<\/sup><\/em>, <\/em>\u0410<\/em>.<\/em>\u0420<\/em>. <\/em>\u0418\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0430<\/em>2<\/sup><\/em>, <\/em>\u0410<\/em>.<\/em>\u0416<\/em>.<\/em>\u0410\u0445\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430<\/em>3<\/sup><\/em>, <\/em>\u0423<\/em>.<\/em>\u0410<\/em>.<\/em>\u041a\u043e\u0436\u0430\u043c\u043a\u0443\u043b\u043e\u0432<\/em>3<\/sup><\/em>, <\/em>\u0422<\/em>.<\/em>\u0428<\/em>.<\/em>\u0410\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0432<\/em>1<\/sup><\/em>,\u00a0 <\/em>\u0428<\/em>.<\/em>\u041a<\/em>.<\/em>\u0418\u0433\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430<\/em>1<\/sup><\/em>, <\/em>\u041b<\/em>.<\/em>\u0422<\/em>. <\/em>\u0427\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430<\/em>1<\/sup><\/em>, \u00a0<\/em>\u0415<\/em>.<\/em>\u041c<\/em>. <\/em>\u0420\u0430\u043c\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0443\u043b\u043e\u0432<\/em>3<\/sup><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

1<\/sup>\u041d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c \u0442\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0435\u0437\u0430 \u041c\u0417 \u0420\u041a , 2<\/sup>\u0415\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u041d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u043c. \u041b.\u041d.\u0413\u0443\u043c\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430, 3<\/sup>\u041d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440 \u0431\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u041a\u041d \u041c\u041e\u041d \u0420\u041a.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0412 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u041a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0445\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u00a0\u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441-\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043c\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0435\u0437\u0430 (\u041c\u041b\u0423\u0422\u0411) MTBDR Plus (Hain LifeScience, Gmbh) \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u044f\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0443\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043a \u0438\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0443 (\u041d) \u0438 \u0440\u0438\u0444\u0430\u043c\u043f\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0443 (R) \u00a0\u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 2 \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e \u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e \u00a0\u0440\u044f\u0434 \u0433\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432 (rpo<\/em>\u0412, kat<\/em>G, inh<\/em>A), \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u041c\u041b\u0423 \u0422\u0411. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e, \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0443\u043a\u043b\u0435\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043b\u043e\u043a\u0443\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0433\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u0447\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043a \u041d \u0438 R, \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c\u044e \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u043e-\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445\u00a0 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432, \u00a0\u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u044b\u044f\u0441\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u0433\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430 M. Tuberculosis (\u041c\u0411\u0422), \u0446\u0438\u0440\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435.<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

\u00a0Molecular Characterization of Rifampicin- and Isoniazid-Resistant <\/strong><\/span>Mycobacterium tuberculosis Strains Isolated in Kazakhstan<\/strong><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

Ulan Kozhamkulov*, Ainur Akhmetova, Saule Rakhimova, Elena Belova1,<\/span>Arike Alenova1, Venera Bismilda1, Lyailya Chingissova1, Shahimurat Ismailov1,<\/span> Erlan Ramanculov, and Kuvat Momynaliev, <\/span>National Center for Biotechnology, Astana; and <\/span>National Center for Tuberculosis Problems, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan\u00a0 <\/span>(Received December 17, 2010. Accepted March 23, 2011)<\/span><\/p>\n

SUMMARY:<\/strong><\/span>
\nKazakhstan is one of the 14 countries with a high rate of morbidity due to multidrugresistant tuberculosis (MDR TB) in WHO European region. The aim of our study was to characterize mutations associated with drug resistance to rifampicin and isoniazid in Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from Kazakhstan. M. tuberculosis strains were isolated from TB patients in different regions of Kazakhstan. A drug susceptibility test was performed on Lowenstein-Jensen medium using the absolute concentration method. Sequencing analysis was performed of the rpoB rifampicin resistance-determining region and the katG gene, the oxyR-ahpC intergenic region, and the inhA promoter region in MDR M. tuberculosis isolates, in 51 isoniazid-resistant isolates, and in 13 rifampicin-resistant isolates.<\/span>
\nThe mutational analysis revealed that the most frequent mutations associated with rifampicin and isoniazid resistance in M. tuberculosis are the substitutions at codons 531 (82.7z) and 315 (98.4z) in rpoB and katG genes, respectively. In addition, we have found mutations with lower frequency at codons 526 (8.4z), 533 (1.5z), and 516 (1.1z) in the rpoB gene. In 6.2z of the isolates, no mutations<\/span>
\nfound in the rpoB gene. The findings of this study provide useful data for a better understanding the mutation spectrum of isoniazid and rifampicin resistance among strains isolated from patients in Kazakhstan. Our results are also useful for the development of diagnostic tests of MDR M. tuberculosis. <\/span><\/p>\n

\n

\u0413\u0415\u041d\u0415\u0422\u0418\u0427\u0415\u0421\u041a\u0418\u0419 \u0410\u041d\u0410\u041b\u0418\u0417 \u041b\u0415\u041a\u0410\u0420\u0421\u0422\u0412\u0415\u041d\u041d\u041e\u0419 \u0423\u0421\u0422\u041e\u0419\u0427\u0418\u0412\u041e\u0421\u0422\u0418 \u041a\u041b\u0418\u041d\u0418\u0427\u0415\u0421\u041a\u0418\u0425 \u0418\u0417\u041e\u041b\u042f\u0422\u041e\u0412 <\/strong>M<\/em><\/strong>.<\/em><\/strong>TUBERCULESIS<\/em><\/strong> \u00a0<\/em><\/strong>\u0418\u0417 \u0420\u0410\u0417\u041b\u0418\u0427\u041d\u042b\u0425 \u041e\u0411\u041b\u0410\u0421\u0422\u0415\u0419 \u041a\u0410\u0417\u0410\u0425\u0421\u0422\u0410\u041d\u0410\u00a0 \u041d\u0410 \u041e\u0421\u041d\u041e\u0412\u0415 \u0414\u041d\u041a \u2013 \u0421\u0415\u041a\u0412\u0415\u041d\u0418\u0420\u041e\u0412\u0410\u041d\u0418\u042f<\/strong><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

\u0412 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043d\u0443\u043a\u043b\u0435\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u0433\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432, \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043b\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u0447\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043a \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043c \u2014 \u0438\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0443 \u0438 \u0440\u0438\u0444\u0430\u043c\u043f\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0443 151 \u043a\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0437\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0432 M<\/em>.<\/em>tuberculosis<\/em>, <\/em>\u0446\u0438\u0440\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0435\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u041a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0445\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430 (\u0410\u043b\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f, \u0410\u043a\u0442\u044e\u0431\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f, \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u2013\u041a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0445\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f, \u041a\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438). \u0412 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u043e-\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0414\u041d\u041a-\u0441\u0435\u043a\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0422\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0435\u0437 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f\u00a0 \u043a \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439, \u043d\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0441\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439\u00a0 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u043d \u0438\u0437-\u0437\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u00a0 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f [1].<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

RD7 Genotyping of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Strains Isolated from Patients with Lung Tuberculosis in Various Areas of Kazakhstan<\/strong><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

V. V. Demkina, I. N. Kornevaa, Yu. A. Ryazanovaa, T. A. Muminovb, Sh. A. Beisembayevab, B. T. Zhakipbayevab, G. A. Shopayevab, and A. M. Dauletbakovab<\/span>
\nInstitute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, <\/span>S. D. Asfendiarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan<\/span>, Received October 1, 2007<\/span><\/p>\n

Abstract\u2014A three-primer PCR assay has been designed for detecting possible deletions in the RD7 chromo\u00acsomal region of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. The assay gives rise to amplicons of different sizes depending on the presence or absence of deletions. The PCR assay was applied to 176 isolates from lung tuber\u00acculosis cases collected in various areas of Kazakhstan in the summer of 2004. Prior to assay, the isolates were characterized by culture and biochemical tests. The RD7 genotyping showed neither polymorphism nor dele\u00actions in the RD7 genome region. Some strains were additionally characterized by a PCR-RFLP analysis of the gyrB and hsp64 genes. The RFLP patterns corresponded to M. tuberculosis. The results of the study were con\u00acsistent with certain previous studies, which indicates the population stability of RD7 in M. tuberculosis strains. Species identi\ufb01cation of the isolates showed that M. tuberculosis sensu stricto was the principal causative agent of human lung tuberculosis in Kazakhstan.<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

\u00a0Tuberculosis in Kazakhstan: analysis of risk determinants in national surveillance data<\/strong><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

Assel Terlikbayeva*<\/sup>, Sabrina Hermosilla, Sandro Galea, Neil Schluger, Saltanat Yegeubayeva, Tleukhan Abildayev, Talgat Muminov, Farida Akiyanova, Laura Bartkowiak, Zhaksybay Zhumadilov, Almaz Sharman and Nabila El-Bassel<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

Development of tuberculosis (TB) is determined by various risk factors and the interactions of temporal and spatial distributions. The aim of this study was to identify the most salient risk factors for TB disease as well as multidrug resistant TB (MDR-TB) at the oblast (provincial) level in Kazakhstan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Correlational and descriptive analyses were conducted at the oblast and national level using data provided by the country\u2019s National Institute of Geography (NIG) and the National Tuberculosis Program (NTP). Reported incident case notification rates (CNRs) and prevalence vary by oblast, thus the study investigated which determinants contributed to this regional variation and compared burdens among oblasts.<\/span><\/p>\n

Results: <\/span>The results showed that while tuberculosis CNRs decreased over the study period, MDR-TB conversely increased. Two oblasts -Atyrauskaya and Mangystauskaya \u2014 presented especially significant anomalies with large decreases in TB incident CNRs coupled with comparatively large increases in MDR-TB incident CNRs.<\/span><\/p>\n

Conclusion: <\/span>Understanding the distribution of TB and MDR-TB cases and associated risk factors, especially the \u201cunknown risk factor\u201d categorization points to the need for future research.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

Pulmonary tuberculosis risk factors in Almaty, Kazakhstan<\/strong><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

Baurzhan Zhussupov, MS, Sabrina Hermosilla, Assel Terlikbayeva, Angela Aifah, Xin Ma, Zhaxybay Zhumadilov<\/span><\/p>\n

This study examines the association between social and behavioral drivers of tuberculosis (TB) incidence in Almaty Oblast, Kazakhstan.<\/span>
\nMethods:\u00a0 <\/span><\/span>We used a matched case-control design to estimate the role of factors for acquiring TB among 324 individuals. Participants included 110 TB index cases with newly detected pulmonary TB, 107 household contacts of index cases and 107 community controls.<\/span>
\nResults <\/span>TB cases were more likely to be younger, recent smokers and have diabetes, when compared to household controls. Between TB cases and community controls, TB is <\/span>significantly associated with age, non-married family status, living in rented home, recent smoker, and having diabetes. Comparing TB cases and with both control <\/span>groups, we found that foreign birth was also associated with incident TB case status.<\/span>
\nConclusions<\/span>:<\/span> Our findings confirm the role of modifiable risk factors for TB in Kazakhstan;highlighting the importance of developing interventions addressing social determinants <\/span>and proximate risk factors for high TB burden regions.<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

Tuberculosis, drug use and HIV infection in Central Asia: An urgent need for attention<\/strong><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

Neil W. Schluger,\u2217, Nabila El-Bassel, Sabrina Hermosilla, Assel Terlikbayeva,<\/span>
\nMeruyert Darisheva, Angela Aifah, Sandro Galea<\/span><\/p>\n

Introduction:<\/span> Rates of tuberculosis in Central Asia are extremely high, and even more alarming are the very high rates of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. In addition, rates of HIV infection related to injection drug use seems to be rising as well, thus creating conditions for a potentially devastating co-epidemic of TB\/HIV and MDR-TB\/HIV which would have terrible consequences for public health in these countries.<\/span>
\nCurrent status: In many countries of Central Asia, diagnosis of tuberculosis still rests on clinical grounds or simple technologies such as chest radiograph and sputum smear examination. Modern molecular techniques such as GenExpert are being introduced in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, and perhaps soon in <\/span>Kyrgyzstan. Treatment of TB is still often centered around prolonged inpatient stay at TB hospitals. Only a minority of patients with HIV infection are receiving ART, and TB and HIV services are not well integrated. Needle exchange programs are becoming increasingly available, but opioid substitution therapy is rarely <\/span>used in Central Asia. TB, drug treatment and HIV services are generally not well-integrated.<\/span>
\nConclusions:<\/span> To combat this developing storm, integration of TB services, HIV care, and substance abuse treatment programs is needed urgently to allow efficient and effective diagnosis and treatment of these conditions in a coordinated manner.<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

\u00a0\u0412\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0412\u0418\u0427 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044b \u043b\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u0447\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0432 \u0422\u0411 \u0432 \u041a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0445\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0435<\/strong><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

\u0414\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u041c.\u0410., \u0416\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043f\u043e\u0432 \u0411, \u0422\u0435\u0440\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0431\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u0410, \u0411\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u042d., \u0411\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0448\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u042f., \u0418\u0441\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u0420., \u0410\u043a\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0436\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0410.<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

\u00a0\u0412\u041b\u0418\u042f\u041d\u0418\u0415 \u0412\u0418\u0427-\u0418\u041d\u0424\u0415\u041a\u0426\u0418\u0418 \u041d\u0410 \u0418\u0421\u0425\u041e\u0414\u042b \u041b\u0415\u0427\u0415\u041d\u0418\u042f \u0422\u0423\u0411\u0415\u0420\u041a\u0423\u041b\u0415\u0417\u0410 \u0418 \u0420\u0410\u0417\u0412\u0418\u0422\u0418\u0415 \u041b\u0415\u041a\u0410\u0420\u0421\u0422\u0412\u0415\u041d\u041d\u041e\u0419 \u0423\u0421\u0422\u041e\u0419\u0427\u0418\u0412\u041e\u0421\u0422\u0418<\/strong><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

\u041c.\u0410. \u0414\u0410\u0420\u0418\u0428\u0415\u0412\u0410, \u0411.\u0421. \u0416\u0423\u0421\u0423\u041f\u041e\u0412 , \u0410.\u041c. \u0422\u0415\u0420\u041b\u0418\u041a\u0411\u0410\u0415\u0412\u0410, \u042d.\u0410. \u0411\u0415\u0420\u0418\u041a\u041e\u0412\u0410, \u0410.\u0425.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0418\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0412\u0418\u0427-\u0438\u043d\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044b \u043b\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u0447\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0432 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043c. \u0412 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u041d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0422\u0411.\u0412\u044b\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u0412\u0418\u0427-\u0438\u043d\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0443\u0445\u0443\u0434\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044b \u043b\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0422\u0411, \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0438\u0441\u043a \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043b\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u0447\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043a \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043c<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

\u0418\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432-\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043a \u0442\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0435\u0437\u0443<\/strong><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

\u0422.\u0410. \u041c\u0423\u041c\u0418\u041d\u041e\u0412, \u0413.\u0410. \u0428\u041e\u041f\u0410\u0415\u0412\u0410, \u0411.\u0422. \u0416\u0410\u041a\u0418\u041f\u0411\u0410\u0415\u0412\u0410, \u0428.\u0410. \u0411\u0415\u0419\u0421\u0415\u041c\u0411\u0410\u0415\u0412\u0410, \u0421\u0415. \u0420\u0410\u0425\u0418\u041c\u041e\u0412\u0410, A.M. \u0422\u0415\u0420\u041b\u0418\u041a\u0411\u0410\u0415\u0412\u0410<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0438\u0441\u043a \u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0444\u0438\u0437\u043c\u043e\u043c \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432. \u041c\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0442\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0435\u0437\u0430 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u043c\u0430\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e 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\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u0432 \u0432\u044b\u044f\u0441\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0447\u0443\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u043a\u0440\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u043a \u0442\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0435\u0437\u0443. \u0412\u044b\u044f\u0441\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043e, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0444\u0438\u0437\u043c Toll-like \u0440\u0435\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043a 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\n

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\n

\u0421\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u044b \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0438\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0442\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0435\u0437\u0430<\/strong><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

\u0410\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0410.\u0425., \u0410\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0432 \u0422.\u0428., \u0420\u0430\u0445\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0421.\u0411.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0421\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443   Modeling social, environmental and biological determinants of tuberculosis M. Murray,\u00a0 O. Oxlade,\u00a0 H-H. Lin Mathematical models have facilitated our understanding of infectious diseases dynamics and proved useful tools to compare control scenarios when interventional studies are not feasible or ethical. Here, we summarize evidence linking social, economic and biologic determinants to tuberculosis (TB) and review modeling approaches that have been […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1326","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/breeze.ghrcca.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1326","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/breeze.ghrcca.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/breeze.ghrcca.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/breeze.ghrcca.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/breeze.ghrcca.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1326"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/breeze.ghrcca.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1326\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1363,"href":"https:\/\/breeze.ghrcca.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1326\/revisions\/1363"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/breeze.ghrcca.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1326"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}